Impact of Stress and Lifestyle Factors on Salivary Biomarkers and Oral Immunity in Young Adults

Abstract

Stress and lifestyle patterns significantly affect oral health, yet their influence on salivary biomarkers and oral immunity in young adults remains underexplored. Modern youths experience high academic pressure, extended screen time, irregular sleep cycles, processed diets, and increased exposure to psychological stressors. These factors collectively alter salivary composition, reduce protective immunoglobulins, modify microbial balance, and elevate inflammatory markers, increasing susceptibility to caries, gingivitis, halitosis, and oral infections. This study examines how stress levels and lifestyle habits influence salivary biomarkers—including cortisol, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), lysozyme, lactoferrin, pH, and microbial load—in individuals aged 18–30 years. Using a mixed-method approach involving biochemical salivary analysis, psychological stress questionnaires, lifestyle assessment surveys, and microbial evaluation, this research investigates correlations between stress, lifestyle choices, and oral immunity. Participants were categorized into low, moderate, and high-stress groups using a validated Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Saliva samples were collected under standardized conditions and examined for biomarkers known to reflect immune function and systemic stress responses. 
Preliminary findings indicate that high stress correlates with elevated salivary cortisol, decreased IgA levels, reduced buffering capacity, increased acidity, and higher prevalence of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Additionally, poor dietary patterns, insufficient hydration, smoking, and disrupted sleep cycles further intensified biomarker imbalance. Participants under chronic stress also reported higher incidences of mouth ulcers, gum bleeding, oral dryness, and sensitivity—conditions strongly associated with reduced oral immunity. The study concludes that stress and lifestyle factors have a profound impact on salivary biomarkers and immune health in young adults. The findings highlight the need for integrated oral health care strategies that combine psychological well-being, nutrition awareness, habit modification, and preventive dentistry. 
This research emphasizes that maintaining balanced lifestyles is as crucial as practicing oral hygiene for preserving immune function and preventing oral diseases.